As these vital currents change, they will change the lives and livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people who live along the coasts of South Africa, Australia and Brazil.
Successive lean years caused by back-to-back La Niña events will hit both the survival rate and reproductive ability of these animals.
La Niña should serve as an "early and timely reminder for all to get storm-prepared"
We must prepare for a wet spring and possibly another wet summer to come.
If the Southern Ocean continues to account for the vast majority of ocean heat uptake until 2100, we might see its heat content increase by as much as seven times more than what we have already seen up to today.
Clouds are the missing part of the orchestra in climate modelling and predictions.
Almost all catastrophic events are the consequence of multiple drivers acting together.
With so many extreme weather events causing mass deaths and large economic and environmental problems, it’s worth considering whether climate change may be making these events worse.
Despite the recent La Niña years, Prof Arblaster says the global temperatures in the 2020s have remained over 1°C warmer than the pre-industrial period, which indicates the “overwhelming influence of human influence on the climate and the urgent need to reduce emissions".
ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes associate investigator Dr Navid Constantinou explains his work as a physicist and geophysical fluid dynamicist.